Protein Synthesis Lab

To make a protein, mRNA is made from DNA and is transferred to the cytoplasm. The mRNA bonds with a ribosome, which will make the protein. The ribsome reads three bases, or codons, at a time to make an amino acid. The type of amino acid is determined by the codon's sequence of bases. The amino acids are bonded together as more are made and once the ribosome has finished translating the mRNA into amino acids, the amino acids folds up to form a protein. 

Boumphreyfr. "Peptide Syn." Wikimedia Commons, 1 Mar. 2009, 
     commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Peptide_syn.png. Accessed 13 Dec. 2016. 

The deletion mutation seemed to have the biggest effect. If the mutation deletes a base and makes the new codon a stop codon, the protein produced will be too short. If it deletes a base in the beginning of the mRNA, then it will affect the whole sequence. Where as if it happens at the end of the mRNA, then it will only effect the last couple bases or none, which is a smaller area that is effected. The substitution mutation seemed to have the smallest effect.  if the mutation changes a codon into a stop codon, it will make the whole amino acid chain shorter. If it changes a C to a G but the same amino acid is produced, then nothing will change. If it changes a C to a G and a diffrent amino acid is produced, several things way change.

Institute, National Human Genome Research. "Missense Mutation Example." 
     Wikimedia Commons, 25 Mar. 2013, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ 
     File:Missense_Mutation_Example.jpg. Accessed 13 Dec. 2016. 

I choose the deletion mutation to show that the translation process can be stopped very early. This mutation had the biggest effect out of all of them because the translation stopped after the start codon. It does matter where the mutation occurs because it will effect the bases after them and can stop the process of translation early on.

Before:

After:

A mutation can cause an important boldly function to stop working properly or stop working at all. This can lead to having a difficult life that may end earlier than most. Tay-Sachs disease causes fatty liquids to build up in the brain, damaging brain cells and the spinal cord. Tay-Sachs diseas comes from a defect in a gene on chromosome 15. 

Source:
"Tay-Sachs Disease." PudMed Health, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/
     PMHT0024672/. Accessed 13 Dec. 2016.

"Human Male Karyotpe High Resolution." Wikimedia Commons, 4 July 2015,
     commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/
     File:Human_male_karyotpe_high_resolution_-_Chromosome_15.png. Accessed 13
     Dec. 2016.